"The point is that accidents do not cause war. Decisions cause war. Accidents can trigger decisions; and this may be all that anybody meant."

Nobel Prize-winning economist and strategic thinker Thomas C. Schelling wrote about accidents in the September 1960 issue of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Here are some excerpts from “Meteors, Mischief and War:”

“The point is that accidents do not cause war. Decisions cause war. Accidents can trigger decisions; and this may be all that anybody meant. But the distinction needs to be made, because the remedy is not just preventing accidents but constraining decisions.

“If we think of the decisions as well as the accidents we can see that accidental war, like premeditated war, is subject to “deterrence.” Deterrence, it is usually said, is aimed at the rational calculator in full control of his faculties and his forces; accidents may trigger war in spite of deterrence. But it is really better to consider accidental war as the deterrence problem, not a separate one…

“Thus the accident-prone character of strategic forces—more correctly, the sensitivity of strategic decisions to possible accidents—is closely related to the security of the forces themselves. If a country’s retaliatory weapons are reasonably secure against surprise attack, preemptive or premeditated, it need not respond so quickly. Not only can one wait and see, but one can assume that the enemy himself, knowing that one can wait and see, is less afraid of a precipitate decision, less preoccupied with his own need to preempt.

“What matters is whether this affects the way we wish to conduct the war. If the concept of ‘accidental war’—or whatever we choose to call a war that is not initiated altogether deliberately—has any meaning, it is probably a war in which our urge for revenge and retaliation is less than our urge to curtail the consequences of the error, regardless of whose error it was. If our object, in the event war should come, is to save as much of the country as possible and to provide for its further security, we should think not only about how to deter war, and how to enter it most effectively if it comes, but how to terminate it to best advantage.”

From  "Nuclear Weapon Accidents," by Michael Krepon in Arms Control Wonks

"The Real World is Not an Exam"

"From a medical point-of-view it is immensely frustrating — huge medical efforts dismantled by basic lacks. From a humanistic point-of-view it is heartbreaking and angering — how is it possible in this richest of countries that so many of our citizens go hungry? But from an economic point-of-view, it is simply insanity. A single hospital admission surpasses $10,000 before a patient so much as hiccups. A week of food to make it to the end of the month?"

From "When Doctors Give Patients Money" by Danielle Ofri, M.D.

"From more than one, I got exactly the same response. “How bad could he be?” they said with finality. “He passed his boards, didn’t he?” Of course, that final hurdle in the path out of training consists of nailing a gigantic quantity of single best answer questions."

From "The Real World is Not an Exam" by Abigail Zuger, M.D.

- Oh what a reality.